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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trigonometrisches Polynom</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>trigonometrisches Polynom</b>, auch eine <b>trigonometrische Summe</b> genannt, ist in der reellen <a href="Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a> eine endliche, <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reelle</a> <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a> der <a href="Trigonometrische_Funktion" title="Trigonometrische Funktion">trigonometrischen Funktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\mapsto \cos(kx)\;(k\in \mathbb {N} _{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\mapsto \cos(kx)\;(k\in \mathbb {N} _{0})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3af759497ccc1a719e7554a3c1b0ce0e48d6b0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.644ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\mapsto \cos(kx)\;(k\in \mathbb {N} _{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\mapsto \sin(kx)\;(k\in \mathbb {N} \setminus \{0\})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\mapsto \sin(kx)\;(k\in \mathbb {N} \setminus \{0\})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff1be9f0575b667675ce8f7c82da89f59f8cc2b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.016ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\mapsto \sin(kx)\;(k\in \mathbb {N} \setminus \{0\})}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei die Linearkombination als Funktion für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9c6d458566aec47a7259762034790c8981aefab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.848ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> definiert wird. Diese reellwertigen Funktionen lassen auch eine eindeutige (formal) <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexe</a> Darstellung zu, bei der bestimmte komplexe Linearkombinationen aus den <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{ikx}\;(k\in \mathbb {Z} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{ikx}\;(k\in \mathbb {Z} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aab19a7fa87866271088583aa62b055d4098c65d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.737ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{ikx}\;(k\in \mathbb {Z} )}" loading="lazy"></span> an Stelle der <a href="Kosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosinus">Kosinus</a>- und <a href="Sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus">Sinus</a>-Funktionen gebildet werden. Mit dieser Darstellung werden Rechnungen häufig vereinfacht. Die reellen trigonometrischen Polynome sind <a href="Partialsumme" class="mw-redirect" title="Partialsumme">Partialsummen</a> von reellen <a href="Fourierreihe" title="Fourierreihe">Fourierreihen</a> und spielen unter anderem bei der Lösung von <a href="Gew%C3%B6hnliche_Differentialgleichung" title="Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung">gewöhnlichen</a>, <a href="Lineare_Differentialgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineare Differentialgleichung">linearen Differentialgleichungen</a> mit konstanten Koeffizienten und für die <a href="Diskrete_Fouriertransformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskrete Fouriertransformation">diskrete Fouriertransformation</a> eine wichtige Rolle.
</p><p>In der <a href="Funktionentheorie" title="Funktionentheorie">Funktionentheorie</a>, der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> und in vielen Anwendungen, wie etwa der <a href="Analytische_Zahlentheorie" title="Analytische Zahlentheorie">analytischen Zahlentheorie</a> (siehe <a href="#Kreismethode_nach_Winogradow">Kreismethode nach Winogradow</a> in diesem Artikel) wird jede beliebige komplexe Linearkombination von Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{ik\omega x}\;(k\in \mathbb {Z} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{ik\omega x}\;(k\in \mathbb {Z} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8390555f6769978787dfb4dab2358c22160a62eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.703ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{ik\omega x}\;(k\in \mathbb {Z} )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit festem reellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61bb5b2363a337d19541f916e585eb209ca6e0ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.707ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega >0}" loading="lazy"></span> als komplexes trigonometrisches Polynom oder komplexe trigonometrische Summe bezeichnet.
</p><p>Sowohl die reellen als auch die komplexen trigonometrischen Polynome liefern eindeutige <a href="Proximum" title="Proximum">Bestapproximationen</a> – zu jedem gegebenen Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert genau eine beste Näherung unter den trigonometrischen Polynomen, die höchstens diesen Grad haben – <a href="Mittlere_quadratische_Abweichung" title="Mittlere quadratische Abweichung">im quadratischen Mittel</a> für jede Funktion des Funktionenraums, den die erzeugenden trigonometrischen Funktionen jeweils als <i>Orthonormalbasis</i> (<a href="Orthogonalsystem" title="Orthogonalsystem">Orthogonalsystem</a>) bestimmen.
</p><p>Lässt man in den Linearkombinationen auch unendlich viele nichtverschwindende „Summanden“ zu, dann gelangt man zu den Begriffen einer reellen bzw. komplexen <b>trigonometrischen Reihe</b>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitionen">Definitionen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reelles_trigonometrisches_Polynom">Reelles trigonometrisches Polynom</h3></div>
<p>Als <b>reelles trigonometrisches Polynom</b> wird die für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9c6d458566aec47a7259762034790c8981aefab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.848ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> definierte, reellwertige Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}\cos(kx)+b_{k}\sin(kx))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}\cos(kx)+b_{k}\sin(kx))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55e1c8176bedf3d4b3ae0411bf5ffd0d94c82518.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:41.327ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}\cos(kx)+b_{k}\sin(kx))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bezeichnet, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b05f052dded6510c1e714c0e0f28691d8adb8d9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.957ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die natürliche Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man als den <i>Grad</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/790f9209748c2dca7ed7b81932c37c02af1dbc31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.448ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28e2d72f6dd9375c8f1f59f1effd9b4e5492ac97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.216ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht verschwindet. Die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die <a href="Periodizit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodizität (Mathematik)">Periode</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73efd1f6493490b058097060a572606d2c550a06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliebige_Periode">Beliebige Periode</h3></div>
<p>Ein reelles trigonometrisches Polynom kann etwas allgemeiner auch so definiert werden, dass die Periode des Polynoms eine beliebige, positive, reelle Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Setzt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/689caf6d9f39dbc57a3d4ee99c82c98e31193e72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.875ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann lauten die Polynome:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}\cos(k\omega x)+b_{k}\sin(k\omega x)),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}\cos(k\omega x)+b_{k}\sin(k\omega x)),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c60c7923942736083821759f841de7241593533.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:44.866ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}\cos(k\omega x)+b_{k}\sin(k\omega x)),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die übrigen Parameter gelten die gleichen Voraussetzungen und Bezeichnungen wie im Spezialfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=2\pi ,\omega =1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=2\pi ,\omega =1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f700f479a6a2a7aa6c8ee9bb3877afbada14ae06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.617ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=2\pi ,\omega =1.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komplexe_Darstellung">Komplexe Darstellung</h3></div>
<p>Die komplexe Darstellung des reellen trigonometrischen Polynoms lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{k=n}c_{k}e^{ikx}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{k=n}c_{k}e^{ikx}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3e0536b93bc650f4d523e0977249542cee2a564.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.078ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{k=n}c_{k}e^{ikx}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c588d805646d25ccf238754cd7cc4ce16f412cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.707ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =1}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{k=n}c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{k=n}c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd703b01079193c1edf6f9a3cb6b0077d5d31df6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:19.101ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{k=n}c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Fall einer beliebigen Periode.</dd></dl>
<p>Dabei gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{0}={\frac {a_{0}}{2}},c_{k}={\frac {(a_{k}-ib_{k})}{2}},c_{-k}={\frac {(a_{k}+ib_{k})}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{0}={\frac {a_{0}}{2}},c_{k}={\frac {(a_{k}-ib_{k})}{2}},c_{-k}={\frac {(a_{k}+ib_{k})}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a702bdc4edec76ff021963f2749073840870f16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:43.4ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{0}={\frac {a_{0}}{2}},c_{k}={\frac {(a_{k}-ib_{k})}{2}},c_{-k}={\frac {(a_{k}+ib_{k})}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und umgekehrt lässt sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{k}=2\cdot \operatorname {Re} (c_{k})=2\cdot \operatorname {Re} (c_{-k})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{k}=2\cdot \operatorname {Re} (c_{k})=2\cdot \operatorname {Re} (c_{-k})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de202e608b08bc2240c4980e3f59fdac3eecd666.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.773ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{k}=2\cdot \operatorname {Re} (c_{k})=2\cdot \operatorname {Re} (c_{-k})}" loading="lazy"></span> durch den <a href="Realteil" class="mw-redirect" title="Realteil">Realteil</a> der komplexen Darstellung und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{k}=-2\cdot \operatorname {Im} (c_{k})=2\cdot \operatorname {Im} (c_{-k})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Im</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Im</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{k}=-2\cdot \operatorname {Im} (c_{k})=2\cdot \operatorname {Im} (c_{-k})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e44324e41d11494e08fe832592e398de99403cee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.414ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{k}=-2\cdot \operatorname {Im} (c_{k})=2\cdot \operatorname {Im} (c_{-k})}" loading="lazy"></span> durch ihren <a href="Imagin%C3%A4rteil" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginärteil">Imaginärteil</a> darstellen. Das trigonometrische Polynom ist genau dann reell, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}={\overline {c_{-k}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}={\overline {c_{-k}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31063683e6a8d378c8f7b0cdce087fb25eb717b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.683ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}={\overline {c_{-k}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komplexes_trigonometrisches_Polynom">Komplexes trigonometrisches Polynom</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (c_{k})_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (c_{k})_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a914604c269608c93c4de886538f0f41aa8364e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.186ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (c_{k})_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Familie von komplexen Koeffizienten, die für alle bis auf endlich viele Indizes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59a12237af5f2ec5fc7c5023f439266bae1380f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.602ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span> verschwinden, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61bb5b2363a337d19541f916e585eb209ca6e0ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.707ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega >0}" loading="lazy"></span> eine positive, reelle Zahl, dann wird die Summe
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k\in \mathbb {Z} }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k\in \mathbb {Z} }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c81c7bb21cd3981fc70b9a8cb417953aaddf68de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.056ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{k\in \mathbb {Z} }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}" loading="lazy"></span> als <b>komplexes trigonometrisches Polynom</b> oder <b>komplexe trigonometrische Summe</b> bezeichnet.</dd></dl>
<p>In aller Regel ist die unabhängige Variable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> in dieser Summe nach wie vor eine reelle Zahl und die Summe stellt dann eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa1bdd9cba3ba4ac08820fbab3055550df1cce76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.331ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}}" loading="lazy"></span>-periodische Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61eea3e1ffb71496a64f0494395a0dcb7bed87d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.283ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> dar. Hier wird der Betrag der <i>betragsmäßig</i> größten ganzen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59a12237af5f2ec5fc7c5023f439266bae1380f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.602ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span>, für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ceb779cef4ef6b4644b2e3c7a668aee9caf9c8fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.356ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, als der <i>Grad</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |k|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |k|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d0afc019921379ffed88d68277f0fe943f57fb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.505ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |k|}" loading="lazy"></span> des komplexen trigonometrischen Polynoms bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trigonometrische_Reihe">Trigonometrische Reihe</h3></div>
<p>Analog zum Begriff des trigonometrischen Polynoms kann auch der Begriff der (formalen) <b>trigonometrischen Reihe</b> definiert werden.
Diese werden als <a href="Fourierreihe" title="Fourierreihe">Fourierreihen</a> von periodischen Funktionen verwendet.
</p>
<ul><li><b>Reelle trigonometrische Reihen</b> lassen sich also wie folgt darstellen:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(a_{k}\cos k\omega x+b_{k}\sin k\omega x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(a_{k}\cos k\omega x+b_{k}\sin k\omega x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/763c7d02b4b43db138346b4cea704590fcba0623.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:33.859ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(a_{k}\cos k\omega x+b_{k}\sin k\omega x)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b05f052dded6510c1e714c0e0f28691d8adb8d9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.957ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>bzw. in der komplexen Darstellung
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=-\infty }^{k=\infty }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k=-\infty }^{k=\infty }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/485e5522992f686a98573a19b7cec41563f0cf57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.242ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=-\infty }^{k=\infty }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}={\overline {c_{-k}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}={\overline {c_{-k}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31063683e6a8d378c8f7b0cdce087fb25eb717b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.683ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}={\overline {c_{-k}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Lässt man die Bedingung für die Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d2f8052630e67b00d04e3487e1d68ed7070470b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.096ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> weg, dann erhält man eine <b>komplexe trigonometrische Reihe</b>:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=-\infty }^{k=\infty }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k=-\infty }^{k=\infty }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a528d5aeaf5ae7ff0d83881a5b3034c98d12c7d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.888ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=-\infty }^{k=\infty }c_{k}e^{ik\omega x}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist immer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61bb5b2363a337d19541f916e585eb209ca6e0ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.707ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega >0}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Definitionsbereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D=\lbrace x\in \mathbb {R} \rbrace }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D=\lbrace x\in \mathbb {R} \rbrace }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a3aa23dcf7165aacbafa42583711684a8a8ad0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.196ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D=\lbrace x\in \mathbb {R} \rbrace }" loading="lazy"></span> und die Periode wie bei den entsprechenden trigonometrischen Polynomen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\tfrac {2\pi }{\omega }}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\tfrac {2\pi }{\omega }}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44693eb17fd5d1b299c4464bfad279972061181e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.982ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\tfrac {2\pi }{\omega }}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonalität"><span id="Orthogonalit.C3.A4t"></span>Orthogonalität</h3></div>
<p>Die trigonometrischen Funktionen, aus denen die reellen trigonometrischen Polynome durch Linearkombination entstehen, erfüllen folgende <b>Orthogonalitätsrelationen</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(k,l\in \mathbb {N} _{0}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(k,l\in \mathbb {N} _{0}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/930540f76718277d7438b522dcdcfd91298b4870.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.321ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(k,l\in \mathbb {N} _{0}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<ol><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\cos(k\omega x)\cdot \sin(l\omega x)\,dx=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\cos(k\omega x)\cdot \sin(l\omega x)\,dx=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24ee993e35caf396dea3202bd63de783b746629f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.265ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\cos(k\omega x)\cdot \sin(l\omega x)\,dx=0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\cos(k\omega x)\cdot \cos(l\omega x)\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l\neq 0)\\{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l=0)\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\cos(k\omega x)\cdot \cos(l\omega x)\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l\neq 0)\\{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l=0)\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34722ab77648b2704531db86d5152a8e6c74c08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:49.171ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\cos(k\omega x)\cdot \cos(l\omega x)\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l\neq 0)\\{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l=0)\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\sin(k\omega x)\cdot \sin(l\omega x)\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l\neq 0)\\0\quad (k=l=0).\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\sin(k\omega x)\cdot \sin(l\omega x)\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l\neq 0)\\0\quad (k=l=0).\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98a468f93e1a6a347cc08215ff3b30c46df40987.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:47.919ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\sin(k\omega x)\cdot \sin(l\omega x)\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l\neq 0)\\0\quad (k=l=0).\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ol>
<p>Für die komplexen Erzeugenden lautet die Orthogonalitätsrelation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(k,l\in \mathbb {Z} \right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(k,l\in \mathbb {Z} \right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f0aa69a403e7a35630bc343ee481caba38bcedb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.139ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(k,l\in \mathbb {Z} \right)}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}e^{ik\omega x}\cdot e^{-il\omega x}\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l).\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}e^{ik\omega x}\cdot e^{-il\omega x}\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l).\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ea3a6dee54fa0009c2df08ed68d8ba60c5ec336.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:38.255ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}e^{ik\omega x}\cdot e^{-il\omega x}\,dx={\begin{cases}0\quad (k\neq l)\\{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\quad (k=l).\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basiseigenschaft">Basiseigenschaft</h3></div>
<p>Aus den Orthogonalitätsrelationen folgt, dass die Folge der erzeugenden trigonometrischen Polynome <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}=\left((\cos(k\omega x))_{k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}},(\sin(l\omega x))_{l\in \mathbb {N} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace }\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}=\left((\cos(k\omega x))_{k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}},(\sin(l\omega x))_{l\in \mathbb {N} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace }\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05e01715fb8b0a7b757b9ff9594e0279a33d8442.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:38.961ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}=\left((\cos(k\omega x))_{k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}},(\sin(l\omega x))_{l\in \mathbb {N} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace }\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">linear unabhängig</a> ist. Sie bildet bei geeigneter Normierung eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> eines reellen <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraumes</a>. Dieser Hilbertraum ist der <a href="Lp-Raum" title="Lp-Raum">Lebesgue-Raum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}[0;T]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}[0;T]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e5e21a22cbf50a690b00932c7c001c747f2c1c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.763ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}[0;T]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Familie der Erzeugenden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}=\left(e^{ik\omega x}\right)_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}=\left(e^{ik\omega x}\right)_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6304e526b28e3ff9dae1c738657f4e9491e14fdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.451ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}=\left(e^{ik\omega x}\right)_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }}" loading="lazy"></span> der <i>komplexen</i> trigonometrischen Polynome ist auch linear unabhängig und bildet bei geeigneter Normierung eine Orthonormalbasis des komplexen Hilbertraumes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {S} ^{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {S} ^{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2251ef2406a8513035742c511277ce7f3d5b9153.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.793ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {S} ^{1})}" loading="lazy"></span> der auf dem Einheitskreis definierten, komplexwertigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Funktionen, wenn man sie als parametrisierte Laurentreihen betrachtet und ansonsten eine Basis des komplexen Hilbertraums <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}[0;T]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}[0;T]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e5e21a22cbf50a690b00932c7c001c747f2c1c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.763ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}[0;T]}" loading="lazy"></span> der komplexwertigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Funktionen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0;T]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0;T]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/035ed7ed62afc7a7aa66b56c4130bd5e3edd0c57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.126ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0;T]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konvergenz_der_Reihen">Konvergenz der Reihen</h3></div>
<ul><li>Eine trigonometrische Reihe konvergiert sicher dann <a href="Ma%C3%9Ftheorie#Fast_überall" title="Maßtheorie">fast überall</a> und im <a href="Konvergenz_im_quadratischen_Mittel" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvergenz im quadratischen Mittel">quadratischen Mittel</a>, wenn die Reihe</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left(\left|c_{k}\right|^{2}+\left|c_{-k}\right|^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left(\left|c_{k}\right|^{2}+\left|c_{-k}\right|^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52f588ec58e91e79f3c8c47eca881ba3a66740b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.523ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left(\left|c_{k}\right|^{2}+\left|c_{-k}\right|^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> konvergiert.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Für reelle trigonometrische Reihen ist das äquivalent dazu, dass die Reihe</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left(a_{k}^{2}+b_{k}^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left(a_{k}^{2}+b_{k}^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34426f5023f595cd41f158bc2e5b4a95b49b3bbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:13.117ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left(a_{k}^{2}+b_{k}^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> konvergiert.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Auch nicht konvergente Reihen werden als <i>formale trigonometrische Reihen</i> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bezeichnung_als_Polynom">Bezeichnung als Polynom</h2></div>
<p>An den komplexen trigonometrischen Polynomen wird deutlich, weshalb diese Funktionen als <a href="Polynom" title="Polynom">Polynome</a> bezeichnet werden: Schränkt man den <a href="Definitionsmenge" title="Definitionsmenge">Definitionsbereich</a> eines beliebigen komplexen Polynoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{0}+c_{1}z+c_{2}z^{2}+\dotsb +c_{n}z^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{0}+c_{1}z+c_{2}z^{2}+\dotsb +c_{n}z^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d83ce00370eb339928de9399882c17bd98e5df54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.035ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{0}+c_{1}z+c_{2}z^{2}+\dotsb +c_{n}z^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf den komplexen <a href="Sph%C3%A4re_(Mathematik)" title="Sphäre (Mathematik)">Einheitskreis</a> ein und parametrisiert diesen als Kurve mit einem reellen Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(z=e^{i\omega x},\;(\omega \in \mathbb {R} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace )\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(z=e^{i\omega x},\;(\omega \in \mathbb {R} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace )\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d12c5c0f37b0ac1468d53afe4821d8beb685b2a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.297ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(z=e^{i\omega x},\;(\omega \in \mathbb {R} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace )\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann wird aus dem gewöhnlichen Polynom das trigonometrische Polynom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{0}+c_{1}e^{i\omega x}+c_{2}e^{2i\omega x}+\dotsb +c_{n}e^{ni\omega x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{0}+c_{1}e^{i\omega x}+c_{2}e^{2i\omega x}+\dotsb +c_{n}e^{ni\omega x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d7f9012709b8d163109fc438ada30da9117e287.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:35.839ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{0}+c_{1}e^{i\omega x}+c_{2}e^{2i\omega x}+\dotsb +c_{n}e^{ni\omega x}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bei komplexen trigonometrischen Polynomen treten im Allgemeinen auch Terme mit negativem „Grad“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>, die aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z^{k},k<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z^{k},k<0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42786710a7408fc24821d998e8f9c5610000d24e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.685ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z^{k},k<0}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die Parametrisierung hervorgehen, auf. Trigonometrische Polynome entstehen also genau genommen durch die genannte Parametrisierung aus <a href="Laurentreihe" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentreihe">Laurentreihen</a> mit dem <i>Entwicklungspunkt</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{0}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{0}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6015a6c1d9f7912952d18c0ddc01d7a4b901483.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.396ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{0}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, die nur endlich viele nichtverschwindende Koeffizienten haben. Man kann jedes trigonometrische Polynom aber auch als Summe von zwei beliebigen gewöhnlichen komplexen Polynomen auffassen, wobei beim einen Polynom der Einheitskreis durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{i\omega x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{i\omega x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93d7cd3bc7b452d6d1fe80e87cab9ab0b504251b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.789ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{i\omega x}}" loading="lazy"></span>, beim anderen durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{-i\omega x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{-i\omega x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ad7249a5c53ecab11ded4e8a47d83a8f2c5127c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.068ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{-i\omega x}}" loading="lazy"></span> parametrisiert wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung_in_der_Zahlentheorie">Anwendung in der Zahlentheorie</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Exponentialsumme" title="Exponentialsumme">Exponentialsumme</a></i></div>
<p>In der analytischen Zahlentheorie werden trigonometrische Summen auch als <i>Exponentialsummen</i> bezeichnet. Sie werden als lösungszählende Funktionen verwendet. Diese Anwendung beruht auf der Orthogonalitätsrelation. Für eine übersichtliche Darstellung wird in der Zahlentheorie abkürzend <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e(x)=e^{2\pi ix}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e(x)=e^{2\pi ix}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d84fd2fc7dbef39f5374f1889dd42935fc4c42f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.908ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e(x)=e^{2\pi ix}}" loading="lazy"></span> geschrieben und die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> wird als <i>zahlentheoretische Exponentialfunktion</i> bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die Orthogonalitätsrelation lautet, wenn man sie mit der zahlentheoretischen Exponentialfunktion formuliert:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}e(R\alpha )\,d\alpha ={\begin{cases}0\quad (R\in \mathbb {Z} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace )\\1\quad (R=0).\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}e(R\alpha )\,d\alpha ={\begin{cases}0\quad (R\in \mathbb {Z} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace )\\1\quad (R=0).\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/190ab24d535039fb33e60cca0f3225137a20eaa9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:35.865ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}e(R\alpha )\,d\alpha ={\begin{cases}0\quad (R\in \mathbb {Z} \setminus \lbrace 0\rbrace )\\1\quad (R=0).\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nun wird an die Stelle von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> der Funktionsterm <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Diophantische_Gleichung" title="Diophantische Gleichung">diophantischen Gleichung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdd4861d3338fe6db8de9380e31412b50ba32be6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.499ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})=0}" loading="lazy"></span> gesetzt. Dann kann man die Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=L(M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=L(M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee5f9bece15b17c5707434a97ed8572fe86c2b27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.516ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=L(M)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Lösungen der Gleichung in einer festgelegten endlichen Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\subset \mathbb {Z} ^{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\subset \mathbb {Z} ^{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8532989cb0d368e78ee6d0b58d028d1a343d6e67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.094ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\subset \mathbb {Z} ^{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> – etwa den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Tupel" title="Tupel">Tupeln</a> von <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürlichen Zahlen</a> unterhalb einer festgelegten Schranke – durch ein Integral darstellen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=\#\lbrace (x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\in M|g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})=0\rbrace =\sum _{(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\in M}\int _{0}^{1}e(g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\cdot \alpha )\,d\alpha .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">#<!-- # --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=\#\lbrace (x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\in M|g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})=0\rbrace =\sum _{(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\in M}\int _{0}^{1}e(g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\cdot \alpha )\,d\alpha .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afecefc21f2cdea0b4486e725a4c3180e970b2b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:96.594ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=\#\lbrace (x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\in M|g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})=0\rbrace =\sum _{(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\in M}\int _{0}^{1}e(g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\cdot \alpha )\,d\alpha .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da die Summe endlich ist, kann sie problemlos mit dem Integral vertauscht werden und man erhält
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=\int _{0}^{1}\sum _{(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots x_{s})\in M}e(g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\cdot \alpha )\,d\alpha ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=\int _{0}^{1}\sum _{(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots x_{s})\in M}e(g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\cdot \alpha )\,d\alpha ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47a1fa3e8594f3316bd847be82b487fb9067f365.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:47.226ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=\int _{0}^{1}\sum _{(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots x_{s})\in M}e(g(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{s})\cdot \alpha )\,d\alpha ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>also eine Darstellung der Lösungsanzahl als Integral über ein trigonometrisches Polynom. Auf dieses <i>lösungszählende Integral</i> können nun alle Methoden der <a href="Funktionentheorie" title="Funktionentheorie">Funktionentheorie</a> und der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> angewandt werden. Damit kann für die Lösungsanzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=L(M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=L(M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee5f9bece15b17c5707434a97ed8572fe86c2b27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.516ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=L(M)}" loading="lazy"></span> zum Beispiel eine asymptotische Formel abgeleitet werden, die angibt, wie sich die Lösungsanzahl verhält, wenn die Schranken von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen Unendlich streben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kreismethode_nach_Winogradow">Kreismethode nach Winogradow</h3></div>
<p>Die Idee, das lösungszählende Integral über ein trigonometrisches Polynom in der hier angegebenen Form auf ein zahlentheoretisches Problem anzuwenden, wurde von <a href="Iwan_Matwejewitsch_Winogradow" title="Iwan Matwejewitsch Winogradow">Winogradow</a> entwickelt und 1937 auf die <a href="Goldbachsche_Vermutung" title="Goldbachsche Vermutung">ternäre Goldbachsche Vermutung</a> angewandt:
</p>
<dl><dd><i>Jede ungerade Zahl größer 5 ist als Summe von drei Primzahlen darstellbar.</i></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> eine ungerade natürliche Zahl, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1544cbdea8afba2edf9fb10121c0a638e41d62ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.946ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge aller Tripel von Primzahlen, die kleiner sind als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3})=p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}-N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3})=p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}-N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebb37ca34f947b059be6148084af9ffd856d1e3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.018ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3})=p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}-N}" loading="lazy"></span>. So gelang es ihm, zu zeigen, dass für hinreichend große, ungerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> das lösungszählende Integral <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(M_{N})>0{,}6}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(M_{N})>0{,}6}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d30ff0049da67628efd285eca074e060bbc98a89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.408ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(M_{N})>0{,}6}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Damit kann die Vermutung nur für endlich viele „kleine“, ungerade Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> falsch sein.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (→ Siehe auch <a href="Satz_von_Winogradow" title="Satz von Winogradow">Satz von Winogradow</a>)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kreismethode_nach_Hardy_und_Littlewood">Kreismethode nach Hardy und Littlewood</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Kreismethode_von_Hardy-Littlewood" title="Kreismethode von Hardy-Littlewood">Kreismethode von Hardy-Littlewood</a></i></div>
<p>Winogradows Form der Kreismethode ist eine Variante der Kreismethode, die von <a href="Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy">Hardy</a> und <a href="John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">Littlewood</a> entwickelt wurde und von ihnen 1917 mit Erfolg auf das <a href="Waringsches_Problem" title="Waringsches Problem">Waringsche Problem</a> angewandt worden ist. In ihrer Formulierung ist die lösungszählende Funktion eine <a href="Potenzreihe" title="Potenzreihe">Potenzreihe</a>. Die Anzahlen der Lösungen einer diophantischen Gleichung sind Koeffizienten dieser Reihe – bei der Goldbachschen Vermutung wäre <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76605d677ea220481dc9cae2c49924c6d0ef82b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.921ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der Darstellungen der ungeraden Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> als Summe von 3 Primzahlen. Anders als bei Winogradow wird hier nicht von vornherein eine Beschränkung der diophantischen Gleichung auf einen endlichen Definitionsbereich vorgenommen. Das <i>lösungszählende Integral</i>, das bei der Hardy-Littlewood-Methode in einer Form, die der von Winogradow gegebenen ähnelt, zur Berechnung von <a href="Residuum_(Funktionentheorie)" title="Residuum (Funktionentheorie)">Residuen</a> verwendet wird, kann im Allgemeinen auch Singularitäten auf dem Einheitskreis haben. Es wird daher häufig zunächst auf einem Kreis um den Ursprung mit einem kleineren Radius abgeschätzt oder die Singularitäten werden umlaufen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Fourierreihe" title="Fourierreihe">Fourierreihe</a></li>
<li><a href="Trigonometrische_Interpolation" title="Trigonometrische Interpolation">Trigonometrische Interpolation</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Christian Blatter: <cite style="font-style:italic">Analysis 3</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher; Band 153</cite>. 2., verb. u. erw. Auflage. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1981, ISBN 3-540-10892-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.atitle=Analysis+3&rft.au=Christian+Blatter&rft.btitle=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher%3B+Band+153&rft.date=1981&rft.edition=2.%2C+verb.+u.+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540108920&rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Harro_Heuser" title="Harro Heuser">Harro Heuser</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2</cite>. 14. Auflage. Vieweg und Teubner, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8351-0208-8 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/988756064/04">Inhaltsverzeichnis</a> [abgerufen am 31. August 2012]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.au=Harro+Heuser&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Analysis+-+Teil+2&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=14.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783835102088&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Vieweg+und+Teubner" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Harro Heuser: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionalanalysis</cite>. 3., durchgesehene Auflage. Teubner, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-519-22206-X (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/920089763/04">Inhaltsverzeichnis</a> [abgerufen am 31. August 2012]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.au=Harro+Heuser&rft.btitle=Funktionalanalysis&rft.date=1992&rft.edition=3.%2C+durchgesehene&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=351922206X&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Teubner" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zahlentheoretische_Anwendungen">Zahlentheoretische Anwendungen</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="J%C3%B6rg_Br%C3%BCdern" title="Jörg Brüdern">Jörg Brüdern</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die analytische Zahlentheorie</cite>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1995, ISBN 3-540-58821-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Br%C3%BCdern&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+analytische+Zahlentheorie&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540588213&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Charles_Vaughan" title="Robert Charles Vaughan">Robert Charles Vaughan</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Hardy-Littlewood Method</cite>. 2. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997, ISBN 0-521-57347-5.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.au=Robert+Charles+Vaughan&rft.btitle=The+Hardy-Littlewood+Method&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521573475&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Ivan Matveevitch Vinogradov: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Method of Trigonometrical Sums in the Theory of Numbers</cite>. Translated from the Russian and annotated by <a href="Klaus_Friedrich_Roth" title="Klaus Friedrich Roth">Klaus Friedrich Roth</a> and Anne Ashley Davenport. New York, Dover 2004.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.au=Ivan+Matveevitch+Vinogradov&rft.btitle=The+Method+of+Trigonometrical+Sums+in+the+Theory+of+Numbers&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York%2C+Dover" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Ivan Matveevitch Vinogradov: <cite style="font-style:italic">Representation of an Odd Number as a Sum of Three Primes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comptes rendus (Doklady) de l'Académie des Sciences de l'U.R.S.S</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, 1937, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>169–172</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Trigonometrisches+Polynom&rft.atitle=Representation+of+an+Odd+Number+as+a+Sum+of+Three+Primes&rft.au=Ivan+Matveevitch+Vinogradov&rft.date=1937&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+%28Doklady%29+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences+de+l%27U.R.S.S&rft.pages=169-172" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brüdern (1995) S. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alle Variablenbezeichnungen in diesem Abschnitt orientieren sich an informellen, in der Zahlentheorie üblichen Konventionen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winogradow (1937) und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/VinogradovsTheorem.html">Weisstein, Eric W. "Vinogradov's Theorem." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.</a></span>
</li>
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